Green neon tetra
| Green neon tetra | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Characidae |
| Genus: | Paracheirodon |
| Species: | P. simulans
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| Binomial name | |
| Paracheirodon simulans | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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The green neon tetra (Paracheirodon simulans) is a freshwater fish of the family Characidae of order Characiformes. It is native to the upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers in South America.[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]The green neon tetra was originally described as Hyphessobrycon simulans in 1963.[3] It was integrated into the genus Paracheirodon in 1983, along with the cardinal tetra on the basis of morphological similarities.[4] This change is now supported by molecular studies.[5]
Description
[edit]The green neon tetra grows to a standard length (SL) between 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in). There is considerable overlap in both length and body depth between this species and others in the genus.[4]
This fish may be distinguished from the two other Paracheirodon species by a few key characteristics. For example, unlike the neon tetra and cardinal tetra, the blue-green lateral stripe in this species extends all the way to the base of the tail. The red underside is less pronounced. Additionally, this is the only species in the genus to possess premaxillary teeth in 2 separate rows. P. simulans typically possesses 8 dorsal fin rays, 8 pectoral fin rays, and 6 pelvic fin rays, all of which are branched.[4]
This fish loses its brilliant blue and red colors when lights are switched off, but regains them when lights are switched on again.[citation needed]
Distribution and Habitat
[edit]Though the green neon tetra is described as being from the Negro and Orinoco Rivers,[3][1][6] it may be restricted to the uppermost portion of the tributaries of these rivers, as well as within the terra firma and heavily planted wetland areas between. Though there is some overlap with the range of P. axelrodi, the two species are thought to partition their habitat.[4][6]
In wetland areas of their range, dissolved oxygen concentrations range from 0.7–4.4 mg/L and pH from 4.3–4.7, with averages of 2.1 mg/L and 5.0, respectively. Temperatures may range between 25–35 °C (77–95 °F), with no stress observed at the extremes.[6]
Breeding
[edit]For breeding, these tetras need water similar to the waters in which they live in the wild; extremely soft water with a pH of about 6 and a temperature of around 77 °F (25 °C). Ideally, the water should be highly stained by the tannins from peat,[7] in subdued light, shaded by plants. It spawns in a school, although in the actual act of spawning, one female may be closely associated with one or more males.
About 130 eggs a batch can be laid by each female. The parents should be removed after spawning. The eggs should hatch in 24 hours. The eggs are light sensitive so avoid light(?). The babies are very small, so feeding infusoria (protozoa) is necessary early on. As they grow, this can increasingly be supplemented with fine commercial fry foods. Adults can breed again after a few weeks.[citation needed]
Conservation
[edit]Like the other Paracheirodon species, the green neon tetra is kept as an aquarium fish, but it is less commonly exported, with about 17,000 individuals exported in 2002.[8] Their capture for use in the aquarium trade is the only known threat to their populations, though it is not considered a significant one. The species remains quite abundant in its native habitat.[1]
Additionally, the species' unique physiology allows them to be quite resistant to the effects of climate change. In an experiment, P. simulans showed 100% survival in even the most extreme conditions of lower dissolved oxygen and pH, as well as higher carbon dioxide and temperature.[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Lima, F. (2023). "Paracheirodon simulans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T164584387A164584393. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T164584387A164584393.en. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
- ^ "Paracheirodon simulans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved December 15, 2004.
- ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Paracheirodon simulans". FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ a b c d Weitzman, Stanley H.; Fink, William L. (1983). "Relationships of the neon tetras, a group of south american freshwater fishes (Teleostei, Characidae), with comments on the phylogeny of new world characiforms". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 150 (6): 347–383.
- ^ Bittencourt, Pedro Senna; Machado, Valéria Nogueira; Marshall, Bruce Gavin; Hrbek, Tomas; Farias, Izeni Pires (2020). Orti, Guilherme (ed.). "Phylogenetic relationships of the neon tetras Paracheirodon spp. (Characiformes: Characidae: Stethaprioninae), including comments on Petitella georgiae and Hemigrammus bleheri". Neotropical Ichthyology. 18 (2). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2019-0109.
- ^ a b c Marshall, Bruce Gavin; Forsberg, Bruce Rider; Hess, Laura Lorraine; Freitas, Carlos Edwar de Carvalho (2011). "Water temperature differences in interfluvial palm swamp habitats of Paracheirodon axelrodi and P. simulans (Osteichthyes: Characidae) in the middle Rio Negro, Brazil". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 22 (4): 377–383. ISSN 0936-9902.
- ^ Morgan, Katherine (9 March 2019). "Neon Tetra Care Guide: How To Create The Optimal Environment". ModestFish. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ Beltrão, Hélio Daniel; Amorim, Raimundo Marcos de Souza; Siqueira, Julio Alberto; Anjos, Chris Rocha (2009). "EXPORTAÇÃO DE PEIXES ORNAMENTAIS DO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS, BACIA AMAZÔNICA, BRASIL" [Export of ornamental fish from the State of Amazonas, Amazon basin]. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca (in Brazilian Portuguese). 35 (2): 274.
- ^ Gonçalves, Luciana Mara Fé; Silva, Maria de Nazaré Paula da; Val, Adalberto Luis; Almeida-Val, Vera Maria Fonseca de (2018). "Differential survivorship of congeneric ornamental fishes under forecasted climate changes are related to anaerobic potential". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 41 (1). doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2017-0016.